{"_buckets": {"deposit": "a6f9af7e-4d8d-4f19-9672-b7448662cd72"}, "_deposit": {"created_by": 3, "id": "1305", "owners": [3], "pid": {"revision_id": 0, "type": "depid", "value": "1305"}, "status": "published"}, "_oai": {"id": "oai:repository.ninjal.ac.jp:00001305", "sets": ["202"]}, "author_link": ["3442", "3441"], "item_10008_date_31": {"attribute_name": "発行年月日", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_date_issued_datetime": "1957-03", "subitem_date_issued_type": "Issued"}]}, "item_10008_description_28": {"attribute_name": "抄録(英)", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_description": "The honorifics, or polite language forms, are one of the characteristics of the Japanese language. The period after the war has seen many criticisms of the confusion reigning in this domain; many have asked for their simplification. Four surveys were conducted to answer the following questions; What are the facts about the confusion in the use of the honorifics? How does one language community reflect this situation? What are the causes of this confusion or of the permissible variations found in this domain?\n\nThe surveys were:\n1. a survey at Ueno City, Mie Prefecture, east of Osaka, 1952,\n2. a survey at Okazaki City, Aiti Prefecture, southeast of Nagoya, 1953,\n3. two surveys covering all 46 prefectures of Japan, in 1952 and 1953.\n\nThe methods applied were first those of social surveys, then those of public opinion polls, and finally, those of psychological tests. The surveys were conducted from a great many angles at the same time in order to obtain information on a greater number of factors than in the previous surveys of the use of the standard language. The methods and results are described in detail in the present volume. Here are a few excerpts from these results.\n\n1. People generally think about the honorifics as follows:\n(a) a phrase with a negative expression is politer than a positive sentence;\n(b) the longer the expression, the more polite it is considered to be; \n(c) a dialectal expression is considered ruder than a standard language one;\n(d) an expression with kango ‘Chinese borrowings\u0027 is considered more polite;\n(e) the speakers confess a distinct preference for the use of polite expressions.\n2. Facts about the use of honorifics established during the survey:\n(a) a contrived situation presented by a surveyor does not necessarily evoke the same response as a real-life situation;\n(b) people advocating the use of honorifics do actually use them more themselves;\n(c) speakers trying to act politely do actually put this preference into practice in their speech;\n(d) when the speaker finds himself in a psychologically weak position, his use of honorifics is apt to grow;\n(e) one speaks to a stranger more politely than to an acquaintance; \n(f) the average speaker in Japan has the use of three grades of honorifics, but speakers in the Western part of the country show a greater strictness in their use;\n(g) women speak more politely than men, but men adapt their honorifics more properly to changing situation;\n(h) persons with rigid personalities are not very apt at adapting their speech;\n(i) there seems to be no uniformity in the use of honorifics in the linguistic life of any one speaker.\n3. Concrete conditions influencing the use of honorifics:\n(a) the educational background has a great influence upon the knowledge of honorifics;\n(b) the opinion about honorifics differs greatly according to age;\n(c) public opinion expects women, young people and inferiors to use honorifics when speaking to men, to older people and to superiors respectively;\n(d) people think social class to be the strongest factor at work in the use of honorifics;\n(e) people are tolerant in judging the use of honorifics by young people;\n(f) people think that there should be no honorifics used with their own relatives;\n(g) people seem to have a psychological block preventing them from following the rule that honorifics should not be used about their superiors when speaking to a third party.", "subitem_description_type": "Other"}]}, "item_10008_description_40": {"attribute_name": "フォーマット", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_description": "application/pdf", "subitem_description_type": "Other"}]}, "item_10008_identifier_registration": {"attribute_name": "ID登録", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_identifier_reg_text": "10.15084/00001289", "subitem_identifier_reg_type": "JaLC"}]}, "item_10008_publisher_30": {"attribute_name": "出版者", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_publisher": "国立国語研究所"}]}, "item_10008_relation_46": {"attribute_name": "シリーズ", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_relation_name": [{"subitem_relation_name_text": "国立国語研究所報告 ; 11"}]}]}, "item_10008_relation_47": {"attribute_name": "シリーズ(英)", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_relation_name": [{"subitem_relation_name_text": "The National Language Research Institute Research Report ; 11"}]}]}, "item_10008_version_type_41": {"attribute_name": "著者版フラグ", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_version_resource": "http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85", "subitem_version_type": "VoR"}]}, "item_creator": {"attribute_name": "著者", "attribute_type": "creator", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "国立国語研究所"}, {"creatorName": "コクリツ コクゴ ケンキュウジョ", "creatorNameLang": "ja-Kana"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "3441", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}, {"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "The National Language Research Institute", "creatorNameLang": "en"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "3442", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}]}, "item_files": {"attribute_name": "ファイル情報", "attribute_type": "file", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"accessrole": "open_date", "date": [{"dateType": "Available", "dateValue": "2017-06-13"}], "displaytype": "detail", "download_preview_message": "", "file_order": 0, "filename": "kkrep_011.pdf", "filesize": [{"value": "12.4 MB"}], "format": "application/pdf", "future_date_message": "", "is_thumbnail": false, "licensetype": "license_free", "mimetype": "application/pdf", "size": 12400000.0, "url": {"label": "kkrep_011.pdf", "url": "https://repository.ninjal.ac.jp/record/1305/files/kkrep_011.pdf"}, "version_id": "671f32e8-00a0-4e7d-8695-ae448cc4677a"}]}, "item_language": {"attribute_name": "言語", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_language": "jpn"}]}, "item_resource_type": {"attribute_name": "資源タイプ", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"resourcetype": "book", "resourceuri": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2f33"}]}, "item_title": "敬語と敬語意識", "item_titles": {"attribute_name": "タイトル", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_title": "敬語と敬語意識"}, {"subitem_title": "Socio-psychological survey on Japanese polite expression", "subitem_title_language": "en"}]}, "item_type_id": "10008", "owner": "3", "path": ["202"], "permalink_uri": "https://doi.org/10.15084/00001289", "pubdate": {"attribute_name": "公開日", "attribute_value": "2017-06-13"}, "publish_date": "2017-06-13", "publish_status": "0", "recid": "1305", "relation": {}, "relation_version_is_last": true, "title": ["敬語と敬語意識"], "weko_shared_id": 3}