@article{oai:repository.ninjal.ac.jp:00003020,
 author = {Kubozono, Haruo and Mizoguchi, Ai},
 journal = {Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences},
 month = {Aug},
 note = {National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, This paper examines the phonetic and phonological structure of vocative intonation in Tokyo Japanese, of which very little is known in the literature. Based on our auditory observations and acoustic experiments, we report that Tokyo Japanese uses three distinct pitch patterns termed Patterns α, β, and γ, when calling people by their names or kinship terms. Pattern α is the neutral pattern used in a wide range of contexts and shows a markedly greater pitch range than the corresponding declarative sentence. Patterns β and γ, in contrast, are different from the declarative form in involving an additional H tone and HL tone, respectively, on the final syllable. Pattern β is specifically used when the speaker attempts to draw attention from someone in the distance. Pattern γ is used when the speaker shows affection to the hearer. None of these patterns triggers neutralization of the lexical accent distinctions in the language.},
 pages = {497--501},
 title = {The phonetics and phonology of vocative intonation in Tokyo Japanese},
 year = {2019}
}